中國產紫蘇的主要化學型為PA型(主要含紫蘇醛和檸檬烯)、PK型(主要成分為紫蘇酮)和PP型(以芹菜腦主要成分的PP-a型;以肉豆蔻醚為主要成分的PP-m型;以欖香素為主要成分的PP-e型;以細辛腦為主要成分的PP-as型)。不同化學型之間的轉化從生物合成途徑來看,一般受單個基因或少數幾個基因控制,且其藥理作用是有區別的。該文立足于紫蘇種下變種及其葉中揮發油化學型分型問題,對揮發油中的主要化學成分、生源合成及調控、藥理作用、影響因素等方面進行了梳理和綜述,以期為紫蘇葉的開發利用及進一步研究提供參考。
[關鍵詞] 紫蘇葉揮發油;化學型;生源合成途徑;藥理作用
[收稿日期] 2015-03-10
[通信作者] *郭寶林,Tel: (010)57833172 , E-mail: guobaolin010@163.com
[作者簡介] 魏長玲,研究生, Tel: (010)57833134, E-mail: lv_sinensis@163.com
Advances in research of volatile oil and its different chemotypes
in leaves of Perilla frutescens
WEI Chang-ling, GUO Bao-lin*
(Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China)
[Abstract] The volatile oil is the main component in the leaves of Perilla frutescens. According to the main types of monoterpenoids or aromatic compounds, it can be divided into different chemotypes and the main chemotypes of Chinese producing Perilla are PA type (mainly containing Perilla aldehyde and limonene), PK type (mainly containing perillaketone) and PP type (subdivided as PP-a type, with apiole as its main component; PP-m type, with myristicin as its main component; PP-e type, with elemicin as main component; PP-as type, with asarone as main component). Based on the biosynthetic pathways analysis, we also found that the formation of the particular chemotype is usually controlled by a single gene or a few genes, and different types have different pharmacological effects. In this paper, the classification under the species P. frutescens, main chemotypes of the volatile oil, and their biogenesis and regulation, pharmacological effect and influence factors are summarized and reviewed.
[Key words] volatile oil in perilla leaves; chemotypes; biosynthesis; pharmacological action
doi:10.4268/cjcmm20151506
紫蘇Perilla frutescens(L.)Britt.是唇形科一年生直立草本植物。藥用始載于《名醫別錄》,在解表散寒,理氣方面功效卓著,《本草綱目》記載:“紫蘇,近世要藥也?!薄侗静輩R言》:“紫蘇,散寒氣,清肺氣,寬中氣,安胎氣,下結氣,化痰氣,乃治氣之神藥也?!?現在紫蘇藥用按部位分為紫蘇葉、紫蘇梗和紫蘇子,均為常用中藥。其中紫蘇葉為辛溫解表藥,具有解表散寒、行氣和胃等功效,用于風寒感冒,咳嗽嘔惡,妊娠嘔吐,魚蟹中毒。也常食用,用于食用香料、食物色素和作為蔬菜。紫蘇葉可解魚蟹之毒及其他食用用途,在日本和韓國十分盛行。紫蘇葉是衛生部公布的藥食同源植物,揮發油是紫蘇葉中主要成分,紫蘇葉揮發油(簡稱紫蘇葉油)也可作為原料直接入藥,如藿香正氣系列產品以紫蘇葉油為組方成分。紫蘇葉油也用作香料和食物防腐劑。
紫蘇子是紫蘇的另一主要使用部位,常用中藥,也有油料及食用多種用途。紫蘇子油含有α-亞麻酸高達60%以上[1],在迄今發現植物來源的食用油中含量最高。α-亞麻酸為人體必需脂肪酸,是EPA和DHA等人體代謝必需成分的植物來源前體,α-亞麻酸因而具有調節血脂,抗炎,以及預防心血管疾病和腫瘤等作用,是重要的營養成分和健康成分。因此紫蘇子油作為健康食用油而備受關注。